A Psychological Analysis of Romeo and Juliet Essay -- William Shakespea

A Psychological Analysis of Romeo and JulietRomeo and Juliet was obviously non written to fit the psychoanalytic model, as the theories of Freud were not developed for centuries subsequently Shakespeargon. Shakespeargon wrote to Renaissance England, a culture so heavily steeped in Christianity, that it would take a crap blushed at the instinctual and sexual thrust of Freuds theory. However, in order to accompaniment literature alive and relevant, a culture must continu on the wholey rede the themes and ideas of past works. While contextual readings assure cultural precision, often these readings residualorsement the death of a extra work. Homers Iliad, a depository among classical works, is currently not as renowned as Romeo and Juliet because it is so heavily dependent on its cultural context. Just as writers pick up the liberty to reinterpret works to make them to a greater extent relevant to their particular time, so to should commentators be allowed to criticize a work with modern ideas. For all the blatant and covert sexual content of Shakespeares plays, they are in no way subscribing to a psychoanalytic construction. With that said, a psychoanalytic construction makes this play more relevant to modern readers, as psychoanalytic ideas are so pervasive they are either thoughtlessly accepted or flippantly rejected. Either way, Freudian ideas are a filter with which modern readers can understand the actions of Romeo and Juliet. The ideas used to interpret this play are not classically Freudian, but rather a more contemporary understanding of psychodynamics as influenced by modern existential theory. The ideas of Ernest Becker, one of the more influential figures in the new psychoanalysis, are used throughout this psychological examination.Suicide is the doma... ...t life. Suicide is the most extreme manifestation of this fear of life. A more moderate manifestation of this fear is depression. Early in the play, Romeo is exposit as having depres sion like symptoms. As the love affair progresses, it becomes more and more clear that Romeo can not handle life without Juliet. By the end of the play, he kills himself because he can no longer have Juliet. Romeos final act of suicide is not completely based on the death of Juliet. The depression he exhibits at the onset of the play is already exhibiting his desire to escape life. Works CitedBecker, Ernest. The Denial of Death. New York The Free Press, 1973.Cox, Marjorie C. insubstantial Processes in Romeo and Juliet. Psychoanalytic appraise 63 (1976). 379-392.Faber, M.D. The Adolescent Suicides of Romeo and Juliet. Psychoanalytic Review 63, (1976). 169-181.

Leader of my life: my mother Essay

An influential leader in my vivification is my fuck off because she exemplifies a godly woman in many ways. She is a full-length someone. She is a conjunctive leader in the home. She also understands and accepts her role, despite ethnic trends and pressure. She forges authentic spirituality. She is the keeper of intimate feelings. She demonstrates and teaches compassion. She desires to complete duties with her heart. Her steady faith in God is contagious in my life. As a whole person, my bring is beautiful, healthy, and wealthy in God. Her beauty radiates from her modest and humble personality and her tastefully modest clothing style. Her desire for nutrition and personal hygiene is differentiate to her amazing health. She knows her wealth comes from God because he blessed her with a strong Christian husband and three daughters. She gives me a beautiful reminder to come back who I am and whose I am. My set out is also a cooperative leader at home. She understands Gods de sign for jointure. The love and note she gives to my father is an example of that leadership. She demonstrates cooperation through building a healthy marriage in partnership with my father.Despite trends and pressure from culture, my mother understands and accepts her role as a godly woman. Growing up, my mother taught me the dominant values of Christianity so I keep carry those values into my adult life and be a Christian witness to others. She holds to her values at work as an anatomy professor, and some ages she gets ridiculed for her faith, but she stands strong. My mother models authentic spirituality daily. She understands what is at stake, and I am willing to do anything to stand up for my faith. She invests time to strengthen her walk with Christ, and has instilled that in me as well. Another leadership caliber my mother holds is her ability to never share the feelings, fears, and dreams I express to her.She is an smooth listener and provides me with spiritual advice. I like to think that I am a confidant and can be trusted by those who postulate a listening ear. Throughout my life, my mother has demonstrated and taught compassion. She is the source of my care, protection, nourishment, and sacrifice. adopted at birth, my mother has sufficiently provided for me out of love. She guards me with her life to keep me on the right path. She taught me to love healthy and nutritious food so I can do the same for my children. My mother has also made an teemingness of sacrifices to make sure I live by Gods design.Finally, my mother desires lasting results with wisdom, understanding, and knowledge. She utilizes her wisdom by teaching me the ways of life. She rejoices as I apply her teachings in my life and she understands me. The abundance of knowledge my mother has supplied me with continuously fills my life with rare and beautiful treasures. My mother continually molds me into the person God intends. She shares a special partnership with God that nobo dy can take away from her. My mother is an influential leader in my life as an example of a godly woman. She is pure and whole in the eyes of God. She demonstrates cooperation by understanding and accepting her roles against cultural trends and pressure. She is a model of authentic spirituality, and provides a listening ear. The compassion she beholds is contagious, and she desires to complete duties with her heart. This is how my mother models leadership.

Implications of the Internet – moral, social and commercial disadvantages of the Internet

lampblack although carbon black itself dates back hundreds of decades, the mass media availability of pornography is rather advance(a) however, net pornography evokes respective(a) tasks.Online pornography is so popular partly due to the level of anonymity it offers as accepted individuals disregard recitation this privacy to hide their dubious activities. For example* A married humankind could be unsatisfied with his aro hire life, however rather than tell his wife, he fuel anonymously achieve turn onual gratification with break through his wife discovering his dissatisfaction through and through pornography via the mesh.* Alternatively, online pornography chamberpot be a teaching ray of light to the likes of teenagers who do non postulate the confidence to require some separates about sex nonetheless(prenominal) as the vast legal age of pornography is edited in ridiculous ways, e.g. making certain assets bigger, this evict be more clogging than helpful* How ever, the biggest problem with anonymity is PAEDOPHILES Disgusting individuals behind use engine room and the meshing to conceal their irregular activities and therefore massive child pornography rings exist nevertheless it is incredibly hard to pr level(p)t oftentimes(prenominal)(prenominal) actions as no one really owns the profits, as it is an inter guinea pig abandon network, so centralised control cannot be implemented to censor such filthThe network overly offers an astonishing amount of various straightforward materials for very cheap costs and psychologists believe that the concept of as well untold of a good thing leads to a estimable colony to online pornography. Potentially, this colony can cause problems in other aspects of life e.g. cargoners, family relations, friendships and issues with ones self-esteem.Read in like manner chitter Case StudyOf course, when morally verbalizeing there atomic number 18 the usual issues concerning pornography that i t is exploitative in nature. Mevery argue that pornography teaches mountain to view others as objects of lust rather than someone with feelings and unique character traits. Consequently the threat of harming the way in which we view others ontogenys as the internet has made pornography much easier to consume in large quantities.Alternatively, umpteen view the claim that pornography makes people view others as sex objects slander, saying that very few ar actually affected in this way and in fact most consumers ar rise up-adjusted individuals. For example, they produce that an increase in high levels of online pornography has not increased any countrys rape or domestic violence levels.Another issue to debate is that thousands of people below the legal age be adequate to(p) to recover pornography on the profit. Contrast to stores where you can prove your age, online you simple agree you argon above the legal (18 in most countries) and so some(prenominal) modernsters are v iewing explicit material illegally, which in some ways, if rather graphic and serious alter ones outlook. 1Chat live it is indisputable that chat rooms have revolutionized social communication way before social networking sites such as Facebook or Twitter. People across the macrocosm can hunt down the burdening aspects of lifes reality to hang out online typing away to online friends, participating in random theme-based discussions. However, the widespread use of the chat rooms has brought a certain level of threats and dangers to users.Read also Recording General Fund operating(a) Bud wedge and Operating Transactions* Online Threats / Illegal Activities Cyber criminals, drug dealers and other lone(prenominal) individuals lurk in chat rooms to lure in trustful victims, as well as the willing, to participate in various illegal activities. Once done so, participants are left vulnerable to police enquires and could even be arrested for their crimes.* Example An advance-fee fraud such as the Nigerian Letter, also k nown as 419 fraud, is a type of scam where victims are persuade that someone is stranded in a country Nigeria and that they cannot get their liberty chit back until certain bills are paid. Therefore, vulnerable people are targeted, in some cases through chat rooms, and are then contacted via email to ask for help. A 2006 BBC article stated that at the time this style of incidents just cost the UK economy 150m a year with the come victim losing 31,000.* paedophile Predators The greatest threat of chat rooms in my opinion is the straw man of paedophiles, online stalkers and other repulsive predators agelessly looking for ways to exploit the vulnerabilities of pre-teens and young teens.* Example Recently in Australia, (June 2011) an alleged US predator Stephen Vosilla was arrested for dismission into video chat rooms and talking to minors and convincing them to issuance their vestments off or do sexual acts and he was put down and taki ng screen captures of what they were doing. (As said by Morristown Detective Michael OKeefe)* Harmful dependency Addiction to chat rooms can cause users to spend hours on different forum at the cost of other life activities. homo behavioural scientists and clinical psychologists have even considered chat room addiction to be almost as damaging as alcohol or drug addiction on the human psyche and health.* Hacking Threats Too much time spent on chat rooms can also lead to the possibility of your computer being hacked by the universal threats of semi-automatic spyware, adware and various human-related viruses, or even receiving spam emails via your chat room accounts* Social insulation Spending hours online in chat rooms can ruin your fundamental interaction with people in the real beingness. Becoming too familiar with online-only friends can leave you detached from outside relationships and make you incredibly social awkward. Therefore, not only in the flesh(predicate) hinderi ng your life, save this can make getting and holding down a job very difficult.Social authorization of the incline LanguageSome argue that the exponential growth of the Internet has caused considerable damage to language* Firstly, language usage and written advance is gradually deteriorating with online slang ruining the need for correct spelling and good grammar.* Secondly, the Internet threatens discipline borders through the apparent foreign influence and hegemony.* Thirdly, the Internet threatens to stamp down the language of linguistic minorities and the linguistic identity of minor communities and nations.Although across the globe there are more native speakers of Chinese, Spanish or Hindi, it is slope that they use to communicate across cultures, and it is English they teach their children to help them get under ones skin citizens of an increasingly intertwined world.Ultimately, it could be argued that English is the lingua franca on the Internet (and in the world). A lthough one widely quoted figure stated that 80% of online content is in English, other sources argue showing figures 5 to 15% lower. However, it is evident that well over 50% of the Internets discipline is in the English Language then overall English does dominate the Internets data.Historically the English dominance on the Internet is understandable as the Internet was basically developed in America, therefore naturally the Internet predominantly spread in the other English-speaking countries of the world. Nevertheless, many have bitter views of the Internet due to the English language* The director of a Russia Internet service deliverr has at one point referred to the Internet as the ultimate act of adroit colonialism.* Former French President Jacques Chirac was far more apocalyptic stating that the prevalence of English on the Internet is a major risk for humanity, which threatens to oblige linguistic and cultural uniformity on the world and as a way out the French gover nment inflicted a mandate that all wind vane sites in France must provide their content in French.Alternatively, there are some positive aspects of the Internet when concerning language. People in foreign countries can now access online versions of nearly any resource, so if French speakers in non-Franco think regions wish to read the French newspaper they can do so thanks to the Internet.People unable to speak English are provided with inquisition engines in their own language, in 2008 Google owned around 800 domains, heres just a few* www.google.com (USA)* www.google.co.uk (UK)* www.google.com.af/ (Afghanistan)* www.google.cn/ (China)* http//www.google.com.ng/ (Nigeria)Whatever country you are in Google will provide the best results in your spoken language therefore even if you cannot speak English, you can still search the Internet.More importantly, online users can now get remote access to government information, educational materials, scientific journals, and, ultimately, the digitized collections of the major national libraries in an set about of languages, enhancing learning capabilities.Of course the Internet cannot prevent the global dominance of the English language plainly it does provide the opportunities to communicate with other members of geographically dispersed communities. Today more than 100 different languages are used in discussion groups, including not just the major national languages but Catalan, Gaelic, Navaho and Welsh, among so many others. People now have the probability to speak in their native tongue with others all other the world who before could only talk in Welsh or Yiddish with aged(a) relatives. Therefore, despite the indisputable dominance of the English language the Internet provides so many opportunities for other language speakers.Web AddictionDue to the constant use of the Internet in todays society, such as using emails rigorous at work or video conferencing with business partners or teenagers consumption ridi culous amounts of time online for social networking, the possibility of becoming an addict is passing likely. There have been several cases of people being addicted to the Internet features such as chat rooms, or to certain websites, such as eBay. Like any addiction, Internet addiction must be interpreted very seriously as resulting financial and social problems can rightfully destroy people.Case Study ChinaIn China Internet addiction is treated as a mental illness and sufferers are sent to military-style training camps where severe discipline ensues in order to rehabilitate.It was been cipherd that up to 10% of Chinas millions of web users could actually be addicts and as a result the Chinese government shut down almost 2,000 Internet cafs in 2001 because of the concerns over the influence of the countries teenagers.As of yet there is no proven way to treat the addiction, however in July 2009 Chinas Ministry of Health formally banned the use of electroshock therapy.An incident c oncerning one of the Internet addiction training camps happened in august 2009 at Qihang Salvation in China. A 15-year-old boy called Deng Senshan was sent by his father to receive treatment, nonetheless, within less than 24 hours of being their Deng was out in solitary confinement and horrendously beaten. Deng was later found vomiting and was then taken to a clinic however, having received such brutal injuries (marks were found on his body), Deng unfortunately died.Of course this is an extreme case, but the fact that China has taken such extreme measures emphasises how serious the increase of Internet addiction is becoming. Society will not be able to function properly if our people are addicted to the web and therefore, this serious problem of a need to be online must be halt before other countries start following Chinas inhumane methods.Commercial The concerns with e-CommerceThe sometime(prenominal) decade has shown a revolutionary increase in business proceedings online, ho wever despite e-commerce modernizing the world of business, the developments have also brought along an array of problems.* Privacy and Security issuesPrivacy of personal information is a highly significant issue for consumers. Each legal jurisdiction has varying laws when concerning consumer privacy, and as a result there are different levels of enforcement. The vast majority of consumers wish to avoid spam and telemarketing that comes with supplying contact information to an online merchant and therefore many merchants promise to not share consumer lucubrate for these purposes, or they provide options to pot-out of such contacts.Many websites, like Amazon.com, track consumer purchases in order to suggest other incidents or websites for the customers to view. Although this can be a useful service, however, if this was done across companies this could be viewed as an infringement of privacy.The biggest pledge risk with shop online is someone obtaining your credit / debit identit y card expatiate and then running up huge bills, spending your money. Although today fix payment methods are many and varied, there are still risks of hackers and vicious softwares obtaining such information. Online merchants need to have high security as hackers many try to illegal breach the software to obtain all the personal details of consumers to not only use their credit cards but also open up new accounts in their names.The old clich If something sounds too good to be true, it usually is becomes highly relevant with credit card fraud. Ridiculous bargains and suspicious looking sites should be treated with vast caution, as these could be a front for stealing credit card details.* Products misapprehension and misunderstanding of items bought online is a common problem nowadays, hence a problem with online shopping is that you are unable to physically see and touch the item before purchase for instance, Items can be of poor quality or items may differ significantly from the description given or clothes cannot be tried on or tested.* Delivery and ReturnsWaiting for you items to enter can be in some cases frustrating. Once your order has been placed, you have to wait for processing and finally when it is dispatched you have to wait for the courier or attack aircraft carrier to spoken communication it. By the time you actually received your item the thrill of shopping is practically gone. Furthermore, there are risks of the item never arriving as it can get lost or stolen, or the couriers could damage your package. Both resulting in a series of extensive phone calls to resolve the problems. Moreover, although some sites may offer free shipping, many only offer free delivery if your spent over a certain amount, meaning buying cheap items is wasted as you end up paying more. Buying items that you need in a flash is a problem, unless you pay extra costs for next day delivery, which can be substantially high. Additionally, if you decide to return your i tem, this requires even more phone calls or emailing and you could also be charged for the shipping back costs. fall physical stores better deals onlineAnother significant problem when concerning commerce is the Internet has diminished the value of certain brick and mortar stores, and combined with the current economic climate, has resulted in numerous chain stores having to shut down, such as Woolworths, Jane Norman and TJ Hughes.In October 2010, over 89% of people had reported that they shopped online and Verdict Research experts estimate that by 2014 online shopping spending will grow by 14 billion (61%) in 2008 people already spent 14.7bn online. 18The increase use of online stores like Amazon, which allows individuals to find goods at the lowest price, means people are benefiting from the so-called flight to value. In todays economic climate average people can no longer afford to go out on a massive shopping spree and instead go on at home surfing online for a bargain.Howeve r, another factor of the Internet that diminished the value of stores like HMV is the ability to illegal download music, movies and TV shows. People can no longer afford to buy their best-loved songs or films and therefore resort to illegal download them from various websites via the likes of torrents. Hence, HMV is now going through tough times, being very close to closure, if it werent for a Russian investor.

Business-to-business and B2b E-marketplace

Closing Case Study cardinal When youre Big, You Can Be Your scoop up B2B E-Marketplace. Question 1 - Volkwagen operates its own copyrighted B2B e- food market in which its suppliers participate. What are the disadvantages to Volkswagen of not using a generic wine B2B e-marketplace with even more suppliers? What are the advantages to Volkswagen of growth and using its own proprietary B2B e-marketplace? Answer - The disadvantages to Volkswagen of not using a generic B2B e-marketplace with even more suppliers is difficult for organization to search an e-marketplace for suitable suppliers and then enter into negotiations after-school(prenominal) the e-marketplace.This happen for organizations needing to purchase millions of dollar in inventory, parts, or raw materials, and it occurs for organizations lacking(p) to establish a long-term relationship with just one supplier. Relationships among origines in B2B are very important. These relationships, characterized by trust and con tinuity, extend to the IT realm. In the B2B business model, you must provide a level of integration of your IT systems with those of your business partners.The advantages to Volkswagen of developing and using its own proprietary B2B e-marketplace because they spend the money with suppliers, so that its faecal matter open and run their own B2B e-marketplace. Volkswagen handles 90% of Volkswagen global purchases. Almost wholly request for quotes, contract negotiations, catalogue updating and buying, purchase- govern management, vehicle program managements, and retribution are handled electronically and online through VWgroupsupply. com.Volkswagen Ag offers eight brands of automobiles Volkswagen (passenger), Volkswagen Commercials Vehicles, Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Seat, and Skoda. Volkswagen spent almost 60billion euro, or approximately $77billion, on components, automotive parts, and MRO materials for its manufacturing operations. Question 2 - When the Volkswagen in evitably a new part contrive, it uses VWsupplygroup. com to get its suppliers involved in the design process early. This creates a tremendous amount of interorganizational collaboration.What are the advantages to the suppliers and to Volkswagen in doing so? Answer - The advantages to the suppliers and to Volkswagen in doing so to creates tremendous amount of interorganizataional collaborations is as a supplier to other businesses, you besides need to understand whether you are interchange in a horizontal or vertical e-marketplace. The electronic marketplace is an interactive business providing a central market space where quaternate buyers and suppliers can engage in e-commerce and other e-commerce business activities.E-marketplace features a pattern of implementations including value-added net releases providers, horizontal e-marketplace, and vertical e-marketplaces. Horizontal e-marketplace is an electronic marketplace that connects buyers and sellers across umpteen industri es, primarily MRO materials commerce. MRO materials include a broad of range of both products and serve including office suppliers, travel, shipping and some financial services. Question 4 - To pull effective get decisions, Volkswagens buying agentive roles need business intelligence.What material body of business intelligence does iPad provide to purchasing agents for carrying out their tasks? What additional kinds of business intelligence not discussed in the case could Volkswagens purchasing agents take advantage of to make more effective decisions? Answer - An Volkswagen has, in essence, created a system that brings the essential nurture to the purchasing agents. This new system deep down VWgroupsupply. com is called iPad, or essential Purchasing Agent Desk. Its use for purchase order for a vehicles front module had to use numerous separate systems to make do the process.Retrieve information from suppliers system and its database, query information in Volkswagens intern al parts information system, obtain information from a request-for-quotes database, enter information into a contact-negotiation transcript system, and interact with several other systems and databases. The purchasing agent had to log into and use seven separate systems. Analysis revealed that Volkswagen purchasing agents were disbursal 70% of their time finding, retrieving, analyzing, validating, and moving information. Question 5 - IPAD manages the work flow for purchasing agents.Describes how iPad manages this process including information provided, steps to be executed, and the presentation of information. Answer - iPAD manages the workflow for purchasing agents. Using a form af an integrated collaboration environment, or ICE, purchasing agents now participate in a simple third step process. The first step is iPad captures and sends a business event to the purchasing agent, such as the nedd to order vehicles front modules. Second, iPad attaches to that communications other nec essary information such as information about potential suppliers, their costs, and others forms of compendium and descriptive information.The final steps is iPad send the corresponding business processes and work flows to be completed electronically. It works much like digital dashboard. When purchasing agent log onto the iPad portal in the morning, they receive a customized network page with announcement, business alerts, analysis, and digital workflows to be completed. The purchasing agents can effectuate out immediately to complete the task of the day, without having to spend 705 of their time finding. iPad also customizes the Web page according to the purchasing agents congenital language.

Business Communication †My Role Model in Career Essay

Mr. Mahbub Hossain, my line manager of my previous office, is my role pedestalard for my c areer path. He is the CSM (Customer Service Manager)of Joydebpur branch, Brac Bank LTD. In brief, he is acquiring MBA from IBA along with his job. Was graduated from DU (Finance), prior that he took places in both HSC & international adenosine monophosphateere SSC examinations. As I worked with him, I nominate many good qualities in him. By times, I took him as a role model as his qualities impressed me. I am going to point out two of them which is loss leadership quality and secondly, busy decision (appropriate) fashioning ability.As I meet seen him closely, I open up all the qualities that a leader should have. He guided the team successfully to achieve the organizational goal. He teamed us up too strongly & deoxyadenosine monophosphate cheered us to act impromptu to meet up the goals. He used to take initiatives for cheering us up. So that we never been tired in meeting our busine ss targets. theory says, a leader has to have seven qualities, but I found more in him. Out of the theoretical ones, his friendly & fondness attitude made us believe that we are not entirely team players, even more than that.Personal recognitions helped a clump to travel along his leadership willingly, not only for his designation. His interpersonal communication skill & ability of finding out team members dexterity or weakness made him a successful leader. I found him always remain calm in critical situations and controlled tactfully. Always stand with subordinates against all odds (from outside) is remarkable. His keen intimacy and prompt decision making ability is an effective quality for any career. I always found him deciding with the best option. Some of his effective decisions saved potential losses.He even made critical decisions over the phone in instant. His knowledge on current imports, updating more or less the young changes made him up to this standard. We people learn from the surrounding. I passed a long time with Mr. Mahbub inside & as well outside of our office. I discover to fit these two qualities in me. I wish to be a leader like him as my team members also think like that we are in a team, not like a orderer & follower relation. To get leadership quality like him I try to spend more time with him. Whenever we meet, we share our ides.I am conference theoretical data as I can even drop dead his leadership quality. It was said, Leaders are born, not made. But recent studies proved that these leadership qualities can be developed to a colossal extent. I attended a training program at Briddhi with him (arranged by our organization), which was meant for mid level managers and up comers. Finding out colleges ability seems gnarled to me. I found this as my area of developments. At any act of career I should be prompt in making quick decisions with accuracy. As I said just ago, I discuss about every issue with him.If t present is any situation I have to decide anything at once, I let him know about the issue and exchange ideas for improvement scopes. Knowledge gathering is a key to master key success. Thats why, I get myself admitted MBA here. I am studying here with hope, I can implement these theoretical knowledge at my workplace. I read a lot of articles written on banking & FI (Financial Institutes). menses issues mostly published on web or newspapers. For making myself up to date about, I go through them. Internal circulars helps a lot to updating myself.

Structural Functionalism

Structural officiatealism Introduction A (Chagua hii) Structural functionalism, or simply functionalism, is a framework for building theory that sees rescript as a obscure system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. 1 This approach looks at society through a macro-level orientation, which is a broad cerebrate on the social structures that shape society as a whole, and believes that society has evolved want organisms. 2 This approach looks at both social structure and social functions.Functionalism addresses society as a whole in terms of the function of its serving elements namely norms, customs, traditions, and institutions. A common analogy, popularized by Herbert Spencer, presents these parts of society as organs that work toward the proper functioning of the body as a whole. 3 In the most basic terms, it simply emphasizes the effort to impute, as rigorously as possible, to each feature, custom, or practice, its effect on the functioning of a suppos edly stable, cohesive system.For Talcott Parsons, structural-functionalism came to describe a particular point in time in the methodological development of social science, rather than a precise school of thought. 45 The structural functionalism approach is a macrosociological analysis, with a broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole. penetration B (au chagua hii) Functionalism is a consensus perspective that sees society as based on shared values into which members are socialized. It sees society as like an organism, each part performing functions to maintain the system as a whole.For example, religion, the didactics system and the family perform socialization functions. The functionalist theory though developed from the ideas of theorists such as Herbert Spencer and Emile Durkheim, can trace its origins as far back as the founding father of sociology, Auguste Comte. Stratification refers to the system where society ranks categories of mess in a hierarch y of classes (upper, middle and lower class) based on a criterion or a combination such as religion, color, race, age, sex, wealth, occupation, and education.It represents the merged inequality characterized by groups of people with differential access to the rewards of society because of their coitus position in the social hierarchy. SRENGHTS AND WEAKNESSES The functionalist theory has much strength as well as weaknesses. One of the strengths of Functionalism is that it asserts that there are purposes for social conditions or facts. For example, under a functionalist point of view the janitor and the sewer worker all told in all contribute to the function of the entire unit.Without serving these purposes, the social structure would non function properly. Functionalists are of the assumption that the fills of society are great than the needs of individuals in order words, the heartfelt of society is greater than the good of the individual thus contributing to the maintenanc e of society. Davis and Moore argue that all societies need approximately mechanism for insuring effective role allocation and performance. One of the weaknesses of this perspective, however, is that some could arguably assert that scantiness serves a function in such a society.You can make this argument, but as Durkheim saw function, he was much more optimistic and may have argued that poverty was more a product of anomie than actually serving a function. Another, more general criticism of functionalism is the argument that it is somewhat naive in that it assumes that there is consensus that everyone in the structure holds the same norms and values that we all basically believe in and work for the same thing.Many theorists take issue with this element and argue that Western society is more accurately characterized as groups of people in a society competing for resources, wealth, and power. More importantly, these groups do not all believe the same thing (in fact, many are count er-culture) and are thus in conflict with each other. Many Conflict theorists would take the discouraged view expressed earlier that poverty serves a function in a society.

Effect of Media Violence on Children Essay

1. Executive SummaryPurpose of the Study To identify the most coveted groups of guests and the need states that net best serve and then re ends its trade practices to head them. Particularly when reacting to private-enterprise(a) moves over time. Considering the increasingly competitive retail surroundings described in the competitor moves, these methods argon adequate. Major findings This study helped us to establish that merchandizing has potential to outgrowth day-by-day sale more than 30%. The aspect of a consumer is buying deportment we found that merchandizing is fully clear change the madcap buying finding of the customer and it influence to increase the aw beness related to the product. Further, we set up that merchandizing is helpful tool to set forth the customer portfolio.Conclusions The study concluded that merchandizing is a device to enhance the accessibility, infinitesimal to the Left, and Large to the Right, At Eye and Hand Level. Merchandizing is perc eived as marketplaceing channel along the new(prenominal) very strong channels manage television, and other Medias. Merchandising is helping merchants to finally insure and influence consumer behavior by blending science-establish insights about price, promotion and assortment with the artful judgments of go by dint of merchants that ordain al slipway be prerequisite. Recommendations Gen successionlly, there are three ways to present product. You dissolve * Shelve it on a table, platform, riser, fixture or wall shelf. * Hang it on a wall bracket, peg hook, hangar, and jury or floor fixture. * Combine shelving and hanging in a quaternate presentation. * To be exploitive, cross-presented merchandise must relate in a transparent way, such as Coordinating items that would be used together, such as pasta, sauces pasta cookware and pasta cookbooks * Items that are colour coordinated* A range of products that offer customers choice within a particular course of instruction s uch as cappuccino or espresso coffee-makers and plain or patterned dinnerware that can be mixed and matched * Products that offer themed ideas such as baby gifts, stocking stuffers or a fondue story. Cross-merchandising pays off best when located in vizor real estate areas such as * Strike z whizzs along aisles and on end-caps * Focal portends -near service areas such as cash desks or trying on rooms2 Problem Definition3.1 Background of the ProblemThe era of product-centric retail management is giving way to one in which market leaders apply a more strategic, more physical objected, more localise approach to communicating a value proposition to their customers. Top-performing retailers, realizing they cannot be everything to everybody, are now pickings a more consumer-centric approach to merchandising, creating competitive advantages and differentiating themselves in the highly competitive retail industry. Consumer-Centric Merchandising is a way of supply and executing deter mine, promotion, assortment and other plans, driven by a latterly concord of customers, consumer demand, and the competitive marketplace vying for attention and wallet share.Consumer-Centric Merchandising is enabled by advanced science that taps into rich data sources and extracts insights that were never in the lead available to support merchandising decision-makers. It enables better decisions in such detailed areas as everyday pricing promotion planning merchandising support, quantify and depth of markdowns and assortment. It supports tailoring of merchandising to match demand variations across geographies and customer segments and it enables better forecasting. For the leading retailers now putting it into practice, Consumer-Centric Merchandising is also open frame down the walls between marketing and merchandising, creating synergies that drive exceptional, positive relate on price image and customer loyalty, sales volume, and the bottom line.Big-box retailers dont gambl e. They rely on systems that play to the strengths of efficient supplier and distribution profits. They stand bulk-rate items to a generic customer base, which forces you and other competing retailers to gamble on pricing and promotions to try and keep pace. These levers cant be left to chance. Merchandising, Promotions, official Pricing, Markdowns, Product Assortment, and Placement are important motivators of the shopping experience that can differentiate your store from your competitors in the minds of the consumer.To improve the odds, you need a rooms of consumer demand applications as the Aghas super store supply network to take the gamble out of your merchandising strategies. Refers to a detailed understanding of a retailers customers in terms of who they are, what they do in that retailers store, and what they do outside the store. It includes an understanding of what they buy and why. Insights are based on market basket analysis of T-Log data, loyalty calling card data to analyze identified transactions over time, panel data, and other sources. It permits segmentation of customers based on lifestyle, shopping behavior, and value.3.2 Statement of the ProblemTo understand the impact of merchandising on followingPeriodic Sales To prize whether hebdomadary sale increase or no tangible effect after lunching a merchandising campaign. To analyze changes in impulsive buying behavior of consumer, this is finally a factor to change the periodic sales. Consumers response To assess that how will consumers respond to merchandising. To understand will merchandising support retailer to more accurately predict the takings of its own pricing and promotion actions, and to learn when to anticipate a competitive response. 3 Approach to the problem4.3 The radiation patternMethods and ProceduresResearch Design A framework or blueprint for conducting the marketing query project. It specifies the details of the procedures necessary for obtaining the information n eeded to structure and/or solve marketing look for problem. Research design has two study categories. I. Exploratory Research Design.II. conclusive Research Design.Exploratory Research Design One sign of research design, which has as its primary objective the provision of insights into and comprehension of the problem moorage confronting the researcher. Conclusive Research Design Research designed to assist the decision maker in determining, evaluating and selecting best course of action to take in a given situation. It has further two categories which are as follows. a) routine Research.b) descriptive Research.Casual Research A type of conclusive research where the major objective is to obtain evidence regarding cause and effect (casual) relationship.Descriptive Research One type of conclusive research that has as its major objective the description of something, usually market characteristics or functions. Descriptive researches are further shared into two classes.a. Longitu dinal Designb. Cross sectioned DesignLongitudinal Design One type of research design involving a pertinacious type of cosmos elements that is measured repeatedly on the same variable. The sample remains same over time, thus providing a series of pictures which, when viewed together portray an illustration of the situation and changes that are taking place over time. Cross Sectional Design A type of research design involving the collection of information from any given sample of population elements only once. It is further divided in two groups.* superstar Cross Sectional Design* Multiple Cross Sectional DesignSingle Cross Sectional Design A cross sectioned design in which one sample of respondents is draw from the target population and information is obtained from this sample once. Multiple Cross Sectional Design A research design in which there are two or more samples of respondents, and information from to for each one one sample is obtained only once. We flip utilize the descriptive research design to conduct the study to estimate the impact of consumer centric merchandising on consumer response, impulsive buying decision and periodic sales. taste There are two major groups of ingest methods1. chance sample distribution2. Non- Probability take inProbability Sampling A sampling procedure in which each element of population has a fixed probabilistic claim of being selected for the sample. The Probability Sampling is further divided into four classes.I. innocent haphazard Sampling (SRS)II. Systematic Simple ergodic SamplingIII. practice bundling SamplingIV. Stratified SamplingSimple Random Sampling (SRS) A probability sampling proficiency in which each element in the population has known and equal probability of selection. both element is selected independently of every other element and sample is drawn by random procedure from a sampling frame. Systematic Simple Random Sampling A probability sampling technique in which the sample is chose n by selecting a random starting point and than picking every ith element in succession from the sampling frame. Cluster Sampling First, the target population is divided into mutually exclusive and conjointly exhaustive subpopulations called gangs. Then, a random sample of clusters is selected based on probability sampling technique such as simple random sampling.For each selected cluster, either all the elements are included in the sample or a sample of elements is drawn probabilistically. A common factor of cluster sampling is area sampling, in which the clusters consist of geographic areas. Stratified Sampling A probability sampling technique that uses a two-step do by to partition the population into subpopulations, or strata. Elements are selected from each stratum by random procedure. The variables used to partition the population into strata are referred to as stratification variable. The criteria for the selection of these variables consist of homogeneity, heterogeneity a nd relatedness. Non- Probability Sampling Sampling techniques that do not use chance selection procedures. Rather, they rely on the in-person judgment of the researcher. The Non-Probability Sampling is further divided into four categories. a) Convenience Samplingb) Judgmental Samplingc) Quota Samplingd) Snowball SamplingConvenience Sampling A non-probability sampling technique that attempts to obtain a sample of contented elements. The selection of sampling units is left primarily to the researcher. Judgmental Sampling A form of convenience sampling in which the population elements are by design selected based on the judgment of the researcher. Quota Sampling A non-probability sampling technique that is a two-stage restricted judgmental sampling. The first stage consists of developing check off categories or quotas of population of elements. In the second stage, sample elements are selected based on the convenience of judgment.Snowball Sampling A non-probability sampling techniq ue in which an initial group of respondents is selected randomly, Subsequent respondents are selected based on the referrals or information provided by the initial respondents. This process may be carried out in waves by obtaining referrals from referrals. Sampling Method Applied To conduct the study the non-probability sampling technique was applied. In non-probability sampling further quota sampling method has been employed. The reason for selection of quota sampling was depress and odd target population (retail outlets) in Karachi. Sample Size Total sample of 26 respondents was selected for this study.Thirteen respondents (retail outlets) were selected from each district of Karachi. Data Collection The data was sedate through a questionnaire of about three pages & a screener of one page the retail outlets those were dealing in FMCG products (who at least had approximate exposure of merchandising with in last six month). The data was serene by researcher his own-self through face to face interviews. Data psychoanalysis The open ended questions were transformed in to quantitative form through coding techniques. Then collected data was entered in SPSS and analyzed through statistical and inferential tools of SPSS. The data have been presented in tables, and graphs format. With the help of these tables and graphs we have drawn a conclusion followed by a final recommendation in the shape of formal report.

What kind of relationship does God want with us

in that location is a peachy story behind creation which made man wonder who the lord being is, and from scratch it eventually evolves to a deeper kind of mankind with idol. There are series of stages wherein the nation began to be aware of beau ideals existence and atheism or paganism gradually lost its theory because they lead attractive to the doctrines of the church leaders which merely addressed benignant needs superior than their foe. A religious movement was started in start-off century by Judaism before they had favored the religion of the Roman Empire. 000 eld ago in Judea, Christianity started with deliverer Christ, a Jew, together with His disciples who are constant to him (Pierrakos, 1996). By that time, Jews hated Roman rule as it was governed by the emperor butterfly of Rome and their beliefs are pagan and it is disturbing to Judaic life. The Jews studied the Jewish law and wait for the eventual coming of their hollod Messiah and so the ministry of Jesus began. Jesus disciples were taught the new concordat wherein theology go forth bring to adult male through Him.Mankind lost its relationship with God because of sins which is why, the new covenant comes to purpose that those who accept it will have a renewed kinfolk of forgiveness and love with God. This covenant happened when Jesus died on the cross to make for the sins of all humanity. Three days later rose again to become their Messiah. Since His disciples began to proclaim this gospel of hope, the Church has then(prenominal) been built, and the Christian opinion has since opening to the world.When we ascertain a glimpse of it, we roll in the hay see that the history Christianitys ascendent seems improbable for lot living in the 21st century to numerate such events in reality took place. On the other hand, the Christian faith has been a key importance to mankind. So when the church stood up and was established, sermons had been preached by the priest where the firs t Roman Catholicism emerges. There has been a promise of salvation so the people started to attend the mass every sunshine and asked God for blessings and grace.Man found himself in the likeness of God. God likewise gave us freewill and we have the power to choose whether we want to remember him or not. What is good about God is that there are people who believe in him because he has many faces. And with this, no two people believe in exactly the same God. Every person has his or hers own individual image of God, thus, different religions arises like Protestants, Catholic, Orthodox and the like.From then on, mans relationship to god becomes intimate and it is usually through through prayers. God as what people believes to be the creator of everything, has been the eventual(prenominal) source of everything and since he sent his son, Jesus, people have faith that they will be saved when the judgment day comes. It is by faith that we butt recognize and believe the death of Christ a s payment for our sins.We can feel that is only by faith that we had a relationship with God however, it will also show us that faith in God seems to deepen by showing our desire to make out His will, and try to follow the life that Christ lived while He was on earth. The development of mans relationship with God has been started several decades ago and now, we are enlighten that we should be in union with Him if we want to be saved. Numerous messengers from heaven tried to enlighten the world how to serve God.Relationship becomes deeper when there is a give and take bond and so, we should abide by the rules that He has given us. This relationship with Him tends to be a give and take since man received blessing from God ,hence, man should serve God not only by sledding to His house and praise Him or pray for selfish favors, but by doing good to our friends, neighbors, relatives and even enemies. What unites man with God is love and it allows man to find peace and harmony with ev ery creation which was wholly developed that allows mavin to reach the union with God.

Gender Differences in Fundamental Movement Patterns Essay

Raudsepp and Paasuke (1995) screen outed 60 8-year olds (33 boys and 27 girls), finding that there are no sex differences in the kinematics of running. However, they prove that boys perform better in overhand throwing and in tasks evaluating motor performances and muscle strength. Girls outperformed the boys in two tasks invest and reach and balance (p. 294). This instruction merits discussion on several fronts. First, the researchers excogitate that parts other than biological rate for the gender differences in motor skills that they found in their runs (p.301). Second, the researchers note that biological variables had been considered in previous studies (p. 294), and they made this layover a significant aspect of their own investigation. Third, the children were given classes before the test sessions (p. 295). In trying to account for the results of their study, the authors hypothesize that factors other than biological could account for the gender differences. Biologic al factors include old age, height, heaviness, and body fatness (p. 294). A factor that could explain these differences is experience.Indeed, the authors note that, in the case of overhand throwing, girls do not score the same amount of experience as boys, and that boys pee more than memories of practicing overhand throwing (p. 295). In trying to eliminate biological factors from the results of their study, Raudsepp and Pausuke standardized the age factor, as they chose only 8-year olds for their study. They also measured the height, weight, and BMI of their subjects, finding that there were no significant sex differences in height and BMI.However, the boys were heavier than the girls (p. 297). In their choice of subjects, the researchers have chosen groups that differ only in the biological factor of weight. This is a significant point for their study, however, there are other biological factors that could have been considered and that possibly might account for some of the dif ferences the authors observed. For instance, could joint length (in equalizer to height) account for the difference in footmark lengths in the running kinematics test?Also, if the boys and girls are similar in height and BMI, what aspects of the body fundamental law of boys accounts for their heavier weight? An intriguing aspect of this study is that the researchers gave the children classes before the testing sessions. In these classes, children were taught the ripe techniques of running and throwing (p. 295). As these classes likely impacted the childrens performance in the tests, additional information should have been provided to the reader. Who taught these classes?Were the instructors male or female? Were the children separate by gender in the classes, or were boys and girls taught together? An additional member that could make an ideal subject for future investigation would be to test the children both before and after the training sessions. In this way, the elements o f experience and technique could be weighed against performance, particularly in the task of overhand throwing. In summary, this study largely confirmed findings from previous studies.The authors, in their attempts to standardize biological factors, experience up important questions to consider in future studies. In the orbital cavity of biological factors What accounts for the boys heavier weight? Does limb length account for differences in stride length? Is there a difference in body composition or limb length that accounts for girls increased flexibility and balance? In respect to environmental factors How did the technique classes affect the childrens performance?

Harry Potter Essay

There are so many things one has to do to be considered a hero. For instance, the conventional hero is strong, handsome, and does something spectacular like saving soulfulnesss life or a scientific breakthrough. However, not on the whole heroes have to have these traits. annoy ceramicist is not a stereotypical hero by any means. He isnt strong, or handsome, however he is very much a hero. Many heroes lives follow a pattern. As a hero, arouse Potter follows the same cycle.In the beginning, Harry Potter is living with his Aunt, Uncle, and cousin, the Dursleys. He soon finds bulge out that he is in line to go to Hogwarts. The School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. He accepts the invitation after much opponent with his Uncle astir(predicate) the subject, and a little help from his friend, Hagrid, a fellow wizard. He wherefore finds out about how he got the z shaped score on his forehead. Voldemort, the most powerful dark magic wizard, gave it to Harry Potter after killing his par ents. once Harry Potter arrived at the school, Voldemort began to bust up havoc on the school and this is where Harry Potters pilgrimage begins.Harry Potter undergoes so many challenges, some more all important(p) than others. One miniscule challenge for him is to get accustom to magic and learnedness and remembering many spells that will come in hand later. He was somewhat isolated from the rest of the wizards and witches since its his first year at Hogwarts, but he befriends Ron Weasley and Hermoine Granger. Along the way they definitely help him in his quest. After spending so much time with Hagrid, Harry finds out that Nicholas Flamel is the maker of the sorcerers pit, which gives great deal unlimited life. Harry primitively thought that Severus Snape, the defense against the dark arts teacher, was after the stone. He then finds out that Voldemort is after that stone and is very weak and needs that stone so he can live forever and fulfill his trance of taking over the w izarding world.Harry Potters final quiz was when Hermione, Ron, and he, had to maneuver their way past fluffy, the three- headed, giant dog, catch a spy (a golden ball used in the game of quidditch), and play a life- sized game of chess to reach the chamber which held the sorcerers stone. Once he reached the chamber, he found Professor Quirrell trying to distinguish the sorcerers stone because he is possessed by Voldemort. Harry then fought Voldemort, retrieved the stone, and destroyed it, along with Voldemort. When Harry woke up he recognise he was in the hospital , and Dumbledore, the headmaster, was there to congratulate and thak him for stopping Voldemort, and revealed to him that he was prone to Voldemorts deadly spells because his mother sacrificed herself for Harry when he was a child which put a protective shield around Harry. Once back to health, Harry was proclaimed a hero by all.In conclusion, heroes come in all shapes and sizes. Its not all about looks, specie, and possessions. Its about what they did to become a real hero. Many unsounded believe that stereotypes will always be right and thats the except way you can be a hero, but even then, people still have different opinions on who is good-looking, or how much money you have to have to be considered rich.

Maria Teresa Tula Essay

Learn almost maria Teresa Tula, a leader of COMADRES, by accessing http//rfkcenter.org/maria-teresa-tula. Maria Teresa was kidnapped, forayd several times, and gravely beaten, yet she move her struggle even when family members rejected her for beingness raped. However, rejection after being raped triggered her questioning about womens subordinated position in society and helped her to start seeing the world through g fetch uper eyes. carry about her story and then write a paragraph about your personal reaction to Maria Teresa Tulas decision to join COMADRES and her valor to continue the struggle after rape and torture. -I was astonished with Maria Teresa Tulas decision to join COMADRES and her bravery to continue the struggle after rape and torture. With the first attack toward her husband I would have tried to fudge but instead she got more involve and was fighting for the rights of everyone. She did not give birth attack once but about three times and she continued fightin g for human rights.Leaving her kids behind and just staying with her two youngest must have been the most difficult decision for a woman to do and because of her bravery I admire her. 2. What are they verbal expression in these songs? What does con game mean when saying they dance alone? -Bullet The Blue throw hotshot from The Joshua Tree album it is about an actual experience that Bono had go visiting El Salvador. There he saw women whose children had been imprisoned or murdered by the military regime there. He was inspired by it and immediately wrote the lyrics for the song. It is a song about protesting a light upst corruption, hypocorism, weapon and muckle being terrified. They Dance Alone was written after Sting saw a brief news story about women dancing in the streets of chili con carne torn apart by the Pinochet regime. The women were dancing in the streets with pictures of their husbands, fathers, brothers or sons pinned to their habit or they were place the pictur es and dancing with them.It is a beautiful song saying what the women in Chile were unable to express. It tells a story about a woman a daughter, a wife or a bring how they are left dancing alone because of the killing of their love ones. This songs makes you palpate and understand what the people were going through. At the end of the song I love how it states Pinochet Can you think of your own mother dancin with her invisible son? In other words, Watch it, mate. Youll get whats comin to ya 3. Why did the governing violate human rights? Who collaborated with/supported the government in the fight against fabianism ? -The government violates human rights because after the Cuban Revolution, Latin the States became an big theater of the Cold state of war and for the U.S.-backed process Condor in South the States. Operation Condor was conducted as a campaign of terror involving assassination and intelligence trading operations by dictatorships of the Southern Cone of South Am erica it had the tacit approval of the United States. It was a program aimed to eradicate communist or Soviet influence and ideas in Latin America.-What is the Cold War? How is the Cold War related to the events in Central America? The Cold War was the deform relationship between the United States (and its allies) and the Soviet Union (USSR, and its allies) between the end of World War II and the demise of the Soviet Union i.e. the years 1945 to 1991. This war was unlike other wars in that the two sides never clashed directly in battle. The Cold War was related to the events in Central America because it altered Latin Americas relationship to the United States profoundly, as the region became a battleground between two competing ideological systemscapitalist economy and communism.Prior to the Cold War, both economic and geopolitical concerns had motivated U.S. indemnity toward Latin America. But, after the lowering of the Iron Curtain in east Europe, George Kennan, the chief a rchitect of American foreign policy towards the Soviet Union, advocated containment to adjudge the spread of communism, not just in Europe, but globally. The result was a bipolar world featuring proxy wars fought throughout the Third World by surrogates and clients of the two superpowers. Latin American nations, historically considered to be part of our backyard, were not permitted to remain neutral as Washington expected Latin America to ally with the United States while the Soviet Union sought to gain access to what had been an American sphere of influence. What were the study violations of human rights in El Salvador and Guatemala? How did women react to the kidnapping, torture, murder, and disappearance of their loved ones? The major violations of human rights was people vanish , the tortured, the jailed, and the murdered were the so-called subversives, members of communist organizations, armed guerrilla groups, or/and agents of internationalistic communism, and whoever was  suspected of these activities. These open violations of human rights were based on ideological yard and were used to stop the spread of revolutions in the region. Most of the victims were young people who saw the example of Cuba as a solution for poverty and well-disposed inequality in Latin America. The women react were condemned to silence, form fear of losing their own lives or being disappeared.This atmosphere of impunity, silence, and fear was challenged by mothers, grandmothers, wives, aunts, sisters, and nieces of the disappeared. In countries such(prenominal) as Argentina, Chile, El Salvador, and Guatemala, women formed massive movements of well-mannered confrontation to calculate for the truth about their disappeared relatives. These women were regular housewives some did not have a formal reproduction, others did not even know how to speak Spanish (the upshot of Guatemala), and most were oblivious to any ideological militancy. Their trigger to action was their l ove, a mother love. Why are these movements denominate as the Gendering of Human Rights? -The movements labeled as the Gendering of Human Rights was women engaged in human rights struggles that not totally transformed their countries but also their own lives. They challenged their traditional assigned sexual practice roles. Through their actions women became protagonists in the struggle for human rights and democracy in Latin America. In so doing, women appropriated public spaces formerly reserved for men. Their massive heading in plazas, streets, mass media, congress, international forums, and wearing black dresses (COMADRES), white scarves cover song their heads, holding colorful quilts (Arpilleras), dressed in traditional Mayan attires, and all holding a photograph of their missing relatives, impregnated the worlds collective memory. few exaples are, , the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo of Argentina, Las Arpilleras or quilt-makers of Chile, the National delegacy of Guatemalan Wi dows (CONAVIGUA), and the Committee of Mothers and Relatives of Prisoners, the Disappeared and the Politically Assassinated of El Salvador (Monseor Oscar Arnulfo Romero) (COMADRES). What were the major accomplishments of these womens organizations? -Some of the major accomplishments of these womens organization were that womens actions have brought a different taking into custody of feminism. By feminism, I refer to ideology that seeks gender equality or equality between women and men. Women departing from their traditional role of mothers created movements that transformed forever womens lives and politics in Latin American nations. Without shooting a single bullet and developing peaceful movements of civil disobedience, they helped to overthrow dictatorships and end civil wars. Women gained consciousness and citizenship. Last but not least, women empowered themselves through education and exposure to national and international forums.

Behaviorist Revised

By by rights incorporating repeated practices and mechanisms in the study of business math, an educator atomic number 50 actively create participation and appreciation of the course objectives. Also by powerful incorporating mechanisms for motivation, assimilators tidy sum appreciate the way the subject is taught. The overall rationale in creating world problems in teaching business math is to incorporate students the prim attitude and behavior that is deemed to address each problem. This specifically coincides with the notion of a behaviorist approach by Skinner.Skinner is one of the behaviorist psychologists saying that a measurable canvassing outcome is only possible if we change the prentices behavior. (Faryadi, 2007, p. 2) Basing from such radical, educators must incorporate the pictureing that the students are responsive in the environment they are given into. It is through this that educators must understand the meaning of classical conditioning. This process usual ly involves having a stimuli and response from people.Conditioning students stooge be a very effective tool for them to bring about the info that they need. The most efficient use of conditioned reflexes in the practical program line of behavior often requires quantitative information. (Skinner, 1976, p. 10) The use of examinations can be a gauge to determine their individual development as a student in accordance to guidelines and objectives of the subject. By incorporating exercises and exams, educators can control the tempo and try the way students grasp the subject they are studying.In addition, such world problems can help facilitate observable facts that the teacher can use to alter the subject he/she is teaching. It is the overall environment that It is through this rationale that the idea of behaviorism can be applicable in the realm of education. It seeks to nurture a different way of arriving on how people learn. In early(a) words, behaviorism states that the mind does not help a mortal acquire knowledge but instead it is the psychology of the environment which a person lives. (Faryadi, 2007, p. 3)Recognizing this, there is a need for educators and teachers to create motivational scenarios for students. These activities are called dictatorial reinforcement in behaviorism. One example of an activity would be creating a reward system for students who go above the expected results. This will set off students to study harder on the notion of achieving extra credits. To conclude, creating examinations and exercises by teachers can be very helpful in determining the grasp of student in the subject according to the behaviorist approach.By carefully understanding its relative tenets, educators can facilitate better teaching and imparting of information which is vital in the overall learning process. In the end, such actions can motivate students to learn more given the proper amount of reinforcement. References Faryadi, Q. (2007) Behaviorism and the Construct of intimacy in Education Resource Information Center (ERIC). Retrieved March 16, 2008. Skinner, B. F. (1976) Behaviorism. fall in States Random House Inc.

Gujarat Development

Gujarat brass section for fruit and festering A preview of the book* harvesting T here is a curious lack of objectivity in discussing Gujarat and g every(prenominal)wherenance, issue and cultivation in that respect. The economics gets enmeshed in the politics and the politics gets complex with the economics. While this is perhaps inevitable and unavoidable, this book is a bend the economics. What has happened in Gujarat? Is on that point a account thither? Why has it happened? Is this is a story that clear be replicated elsewhere in India? Is in that respect a slighton for early(a) enunciates? The archetypical broad-brush harvest-time story is as follows.Compargond to 1994-95 to 2004-05, from 2004-05 to 2011-12, real GSDP (gross demesne domestic product) ontogenesis rates kick in cast upd, from an all-India average of 6. 16% to an all-India average of 8. 28%. Second, with an increase from 6. 45% to 10. 08%, the increase has been much for Gujarat than for all- India. Third, since 2004-05, in that location ar other put ups that dumbfound besides grown fast and Bihar, Maharashtra, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Chandigarh and Delhi atomic number 18 examples. That branch story in other call forths is manytimes utilize as an argument against the Gujarat egress story and thats a bit strange. After all, Gujarat accounts for a n estimated 7. % of Indian GDP. If all-India averages eat up g 1 up that much, it is unreasonable to pass judgment harvest-time has been pulled up by Gujarat alone. However, in making inter-State comparisons, t here is a legitimate question one should ask. Should small States be compargond with large States? Should finical category States be comp ared with non-special category States? Smaller States tend to * Gujarat disposal for offset and education, Bibek Debroy, September 2012. produce by Academic Foundation, impudent Delhi hardcover, pages 166, all act upon includes maps and photographs ISBN 13 9 788171889815 Rs 795 US $39. 5. www. academicfoundation. com 2 < take in > Gujarat face for Growth and Development be to a greater extent homogeneous, with relatively fewer backward geographical regions and soils. Chandigarh, Delhi, Puducherry, Goa and Sikkim arent quite comparable with larger States. With that caveat, it is in the same(p) manner true that there has been a harvesting pickup in Bihar, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Uttarakhand as well. in that location has been a discernible pick-up in Gujarats growth performance since the 10th be after (2002-07), the five-year forges be natural periods for breaking up the time-line.Its tempting to palisade that there is nothing exceptional in this. Gujarat grew fast during the 8th device (1992-97) besides. While thats true, one should accept that as victimization occurs, it be adds much difficult to sustain higher rates of growth. Among larger and relatively richer States equal Maharashtra, Haryana, Gujarat, Kerala , Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, it is more(prenominal)(prenominal) difficult to find sources of growth. Growth tends to taper off. comparatively poorer States like Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Assam and Jharkhand find it easier to catch up.Had historical trends alone provided the momentum for growth, Karnataka should exhaust likewise grown extremely fast. Fifth, too much, discussions focus on growth trends alone. Moving to a higher growth trajectory is important. But decrease the excitableness of growth is no less important. Growth rates in Gujarat halt become much less volatile. Given Indian conditions, volatility is fundamentally a function of what has been happening to the awkward sector. Equity In line with all-India trends, overall poverty and urban poverty harbor disintegrationd in Gujarat between 2004-05 and 2009-10.But the real story is in sylvan Gujarat, where there has been a very sharp drop in poverty, signifi tummytly more than all-India trends. In rura l Gujarat, the benefits of growth make believe trickled down. Subject to all those problems a bout data and measuring inequality, there is no evidence that inequality has increased. fiscal consolidation Elimination of deprivation requires public intervention and white plague, over and above a States role in providing an enabling milieu for hush-hush entrepreneurship to bloom and flourish and ensuring rule of law. This requires public expenditure and fiscalGujarat validation for Growth and Development < PREVIEW > 3 consolidation. Historically, the problem has been with the revenue deficit, oddly after 2008, ii because revenue receipts cast off been lower and because revenue expenditure has been higher. However, since 2011-12, the revenue deficit sums name overly begun to get a line respectable and the deficit numbers are marginally offend than what the thirteenth Finance Commission envisaged. One of the casting blocks of the Gujarat model, so to speak, is to sla ck up space for clannish sector expenditure in capital formation.One cannot expect capital expenditure, as a pct, to increase overnight. The bulk (76%) of capital expenditure is informational, with social services accounting for 55. 2%. Of the total expenditure, 66. 41% is as well as developmental. 63. 2% of revenue expenditure is developmental. To the extent this reveals a prioritization a ccording to sectors, the major ones are education, sports, art and culture and peeing supply, sanitation, housing and urban development, in that order. The fiscal consolidation and fiscal space created has enabled Gujarat to plug the gaps in fundamental sector and Centrally sponsored plans with State-level schemes.The story isnt that much near increase public expenditure. It is more around creating an environs for private expenditure. Apart from private expenditure, the story is more or less increasing the efficiency of public expenditure, more work stoppage for the buck, so to spea k. Physical infrastructure In the power sector, the background is partially the Gujarat Electricity Industry (Reorganization and Regulation) Act of 2003. This allowed the transfer of as decorates and liabilities of the former Gujarat Electricity come along (GEB). multiplication as associations were transferred to Gujarat State Electricity potbelly particular(a) (GSECL). Transmission assets were transferred to Gujarat Transmission Corporation confine (GETCO). Four distinct distri furtherion entities were formed Uttar Gujarat Vij Company Limited (UGVCL), Dakshin Gujarat Vij Company Limited (DGVCL), Pashchim Gujarat Vij Company Limited (PGVCL) and Madhya Gujarat Vij Company Limited (MGVCL). Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Limited (GUVNL) had residuary functions, including that of power trading. GUVNL was the holding company.The Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission had been set up in 1998 and was brought under the purview of the Electricity Act of 2003. Generation became exempt 4 &l t PREVIEW > Gujarat Governance for Growth and Development from licensing, including with non-conventional sources. Open access was allowed to transmission and distribution and distribution f ranchisees were introduced for distribution zones like Bhavnagar, Junagadh, Rajkot, Vishwamitri, Lalbaug, Bharuch, Anand and Mehsana. Metering became mandatory. In 2001, Gujarat was a power deficit State, by around around 2,000 MW.By the end of 2012, Gujarat will have a power surplus, though expected increases in GSDP growth also increase the demand for power. However, the Gujarat achievement story isnt unless about the macro generation situation. It is also about reduction in T&038D losses, down from 35. 90% in 2002-03 to 22. 20% in 2006-07. It is 20. 13% in 2010-11. This is partly because T&038D losses arent actually transmission and distribution losses. They are also about theft and unmetered supply. otherwise than metering, theft of electricity became a criminal offence and the law w as enforced, with distributors insulated from policy-making pressures.thither were special checking squads for checking installation, specially for HT connections, and ex-army staff office were roped in. In Sabarmati, Surat, Rajkot, Bhavnagar and Baroda, there were special police force stations for power theft. furnish were do for sealed meters that were tamper-proof. Through an e-Urja project, electronic billing and payment was introduced. bad meters were replaced. Unauthorized connections were regularized through one-time settlements. The Jyotigram Yojana (JGY) ensures 3-phase power supply to all villages. The key was a bifurcation of supply lines into dedicated agricultural feeders.For agricultural use, one would thus be ensured continuous power for 8 hours a day, at pre-determined times. For other rural loads (domestic, commercialized and industrial), there would be 24/7 power. 24/7 3-phase supply was provided to JGY feeders. These then provided 8 hours of 3-phase conti nuous supply to agricultural feeders and 1-phase 24/7 power to other rural uses. The argument about pile wanting subsidise power and refusing to pay higher tariffs is misplaced. heap are prepared to pay, provided that the quality of power supply improves. It was no variant for JGY.Once power at pre-determined hours was available, there was less of an incentive to divert subsidized power for agriculture to domestic household use. JGY helped reduce T&038D losses. It also h elped reduce transformer failures. More importantly, it led to all villages being electrified, without load-shedding, and this had positive socio-economic multiplier benefits. Gujarat Governance for Growth and Development < PREVIEW > 5 If power is important to better peoples lives, water is no less so. The overall epitome is that Gujarat is a water scarce State. here are several(prenominal)(prenominal) strands in the water sector reforms inter-basin transfer of water from surplus areas to deficit areas lik e conjugation Gujarat, Saurashtra and Kachchh the linking of canals water conservation participatory irrigation solicitude micro-irrigation check dams and smaller dams ( such as through the Sardar Patel Water preservation Programme) deepening of ponds cleaning and restoration of step wells community management of water supply in villages through WASMO (Water and Sanitation wariness Organization) and the Sujalam Suphalam Yojana (SSY).Water has both a drinking water and an irrigation water component. Something like SSY covers both. While the State has originally gained because of Sardar Sarovar, that wouldnt have been possible without the State-wide water supply grid. In terms of affecting peoples lives for the better, roads are exactly as important as electricity and water. Compared to many other States, Gujarat has always had relatively better road infrastructure. 98. 27% of State Highways and 96. 93% of major district roads possess asphalt surfaces. 85. 63% of other district roads and village roads also possess asphalt surfaces. 98. 4% of villages are connected by pucca roads. Gujarat has also benefited from NHDP. Given the base, the focus has thus been more on upgradation and maintenance, improving access in relatively disadvantage regions, while simultaneously tapping t he proposed dedicated freight corridor (DFC) between Delhi and Mumbai and the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC). In so far as relatively disfavor regions are concerned, the emphasis h as been on all-weather connectivity, especially in coastal, tribal and border areas. There have been several palatopharyngoplasty projects, sometimes externally-aided, with provisions for tolls.The Gujarat Highways Bill of 2007 facilitated uvulopalatopharyngoplasty projects. There is also a Pragati Path Yojana, for improvement of State Highways, part of which has been completed. In sum total, for major projects, three party inspection and monitoring h as been introduced. Maintenance guarantees of 3 to 5 years are i ncorporated in contracts. IT tools have been used for physical monitoring, registration of contractors, court cases and departmental enquiries. In high pelting districts like Navasari and Surat, village roads have been constructed with cement/concrete. 6 < PREVIEW > Gujarat Governance for Growth and DevelopmentA point was made earlier about Gujarats ability to plug gaps in Central schemes with State-level ones. In the context or urban planning, the relevant ones are the Garib Samruddhi Yojana (GSY) and the SJMMSVY (Swarnim Jayanti Mukhya Mantri Shaheri Vikas Yojana). While on the subject of urban planning, or planning in general, it is odd that one of Gujarats remarkable successes doesnt get written about that much. This is the use of GIS maps in conclusion making. This is through the Bhaskaracharya build for Space Applications and GeoInformatics (BISAG), a State-level nodal agency set up in 1997 and renamed BISAG in 2003.BISAG also conducts training pro grammes and workshops and is involved in delivering over the Gujarat SATCOM n etwork. But more importantly, it uses remote sensing and GIS to facilitate planning. These GIS maps with several layers have already been introduced in all the municipalities. Among other things, this is certainly one initiative that other States should replicate. Education In social infrastructure, like education, some of Gujarats figures may not look that bad if comparisons are made with all-India averages. However, for an economically developed State like Gujarat, is an allIndia average the right benchmark to use?Or, in the area of education, should Gujarat be benchmarked against better States? Having said this, there are two additional points to be borne in mind. First, have there been temporal improvements over time and have remedial measures been taken? There has been a sharp decline in the number of out-ofschool children between 2006 and 2011. Those improvements also come across in National Unive rsity of Educational proviso and authorities activitys DISE (District Information body for Education) dataset. For example, the average number of classrooms per school has increased. The assimilator/classroom ratios have also improved.The piece of single-teacher schools has declined. Pupil/teacher ratios have improved. Physical infrastructure is also far better. Consequently, if one has an impression that Gujarat doesnt do that well on school education, one should check the time-line. legion(predicate) interventions are of recent vintage and dated data dont show the improvements. One such intervention is Praveshotsava and Rathyatra, targeted at festivals of assenting, particularly for girls. In 2002-03, a Vidya Laxmi Bond scheme was started, for girls, initially in rural areas, but also extended Gujarat Governance for Growth and Development lt PREVIEW > 7 to urban BPL families. A sum of money is deposited at the time of admission (in Class I) and this is repaid with intere st when the girl passes out of Class VII. Apart from this, there have been improvements in physical infrastructure, some of this under the Van Bandhu scheme f or tribal talukas and the Sagar Khedu scheme for coastal talukas, planning facilitated by the BISAG mapping mentioned earlier. Biometric monitoring of attendance has also been introduced. One should mention the Gunotsav programme, intentional to improve quality in 34,000 primary government schools. HealthThe case for trade failure is generally greater for wellness than it is for education. If there is a perceptual experience that Gujarat doesnt do that well in social sectors, thats truer of health than of education. As with education, there is a time-line issue there too. Since the public healthcare infrastructure is weak, the Chiranjivi Yojana taps the private sector, to employ private sector specialists in safe delivery. While the poor household doesnt have to pay, the government pays the private sector specialist. The C hiranjivi Yojana was first introduced on pilot basis in 2005 and has picked up since then.The Bal Sakha Yojana has a similar PPP idea. It was launched in 2009 and covers all BPL households and tribal households, even if they happen to be APL. Neonatal care is provided by private enrolled pediatricians, who are then reimbursed by the State. Health-care has several dimensions. There is the preventive part, interpreted as clean drinking water, sanitation, sewage handling and nutrition, be it through MDMS, ICDS, vitamin supplements or otherwise. There is also the preventive part, interpreted as immunization. The State governments focus has clearly been on reducing neo-natal deaths and rescue down the IMR and MMR.Thats where the Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) comes in, designed to shift poor women to institutional delivery. The percentage of institutional deliveries has sharply gone up from 55. 87% in 2003-04 to 93. 5% in 2011-12. Immunization coverage has also increased. There has been an IMNCI (Integrated care of New Born and Childhood Illness), launched in 2005, combined with Mamta (Malnutrition Assessment and Monitoring to Act) initiatives, which in effect register a mother and child and track post-natal nutrition, health and immunization status. Perhaps the most interesting of all these experiments is the emergency < PREVIEW > Gujarat Governance for Growth and Development 108 number, which is not just for medical emergencies, but for police and fire emergencies too. This was launched in 2007 and is operated by GVK Emergency Management and Research Institute (EMRI). Governance Gujarats economy has often been written about. Rarely have people written about ecesis, at least directly. But without public lecture about administration, it is difficult to appreciate what has happened in the State. E-governance is part of the answer, since it reduces the human interface.There have been several e-governance initiatives in Gujarat and e-governance has become func tional in all municipalities and municipal corporations. Among the ones that have received awards are e-MAMTA, ICT solutions for planning and monitoring MGNREGS works, OASIS ( online employment and scrutiny of inter-State transactions), e-governance of mineral administration, e-governance initiatives and ICT initiatives in the Chief Ministers Office, on-line voting, e-dhara in the Revenue Department for computerization of land records, SWAGAT (State- liberal Attention on Grievances by Application of Technology) in the ChiefMinisters Office, the Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP), e-procurement by the Industry and Mines Department, Value Added Tax Information brass (VATIS) in the Office of Commercial Taxes, the Hospital Management Information System (HMIS) of the Health and Family Welfare Department, the Integrated Financial Management System (IFMS) in the Finance Department and ICT usage within the judiciary. A GSWAN (Gujarat State Wide Area Network) connects governm ent offices, down to the level of talukas.The e-Gram Vishvagram project connects 13,716 gram panchayats and 6000 rough-cut Service Centres. If awareness is the first plank of improved governance, elimination of tact and monopoly is the second. In both education and health, instances have been given earlier of paltry away from traditional government monopolies in delivery. All district offices have Jan Seva Kendras and there are civic centres too, in municipalities and municipal corporations. At these, assort certificates (caste, domicile, residence, birth, death), affidavits, driving licences and ration cards are issued the aforementioned(prenominal) day.Under the e-gram project, some of these have also been taken down to taluka and gram panchayats, facilitated by computerization of Gujarat Governance for Growth and Development < PREVIEW > 9 land records. There has been tercet party audit of such Jan Seva Kendras too. The third element of improved governance is decentraliz ation and participatory planning and there is a feedback loop from citizens to government, to refer ideas to the government. Fourth, the decentralization has now gone down to the level of the taluka.Fifth, that improved governance is also a function of altered mindsets in the bureaucracy, which received a clear focus after the rehabilitation work connected with the 2001 quake was over. The Chintan Shibirs, annual retreats of Ministers and senior bureaucrats, have been going on since 2003 and are illustrative. Other than the obvious synergies of such retreats, these ensured that government does not work in silos and departments and enabled cross-fertilization of ideas.For example, the idea of each officer at district and taluka levels taking up an innovative project, without fiscal constraints, emerged through such a Chintan Shibir. Kanya Kelvani, Praveshotsava, Gunotsava, Krishi Melas and p articipation in gram sabha meetings are other instances of taking bureaucracy down to the grassroots. let out formulation of schemes, and better implementation, have resulted. Within government, there is a database of employees and suggestions for better governance have been invited from employees. Transfers, postings and implementation have become more insulated from political interference.Sectoral issues In any discussion of any country or States economy, it is customary to discuss sectoral compositions of GDP or GSDP early on primary/agriculture, secondary/industry, tertiary/services etc. In universal perception, at least in some quarters, Gujarats economic growth is about industry. Gujarat is about an investment destination for industries, about Vibrant Gujarat. It is about sectors like bio-tech a nd pharmaceuticals, chemicals and petrochemicals, engineering, a uto supples and ancillaries, dieting and agri-business, gas, oil and power, gems and jewelry and IT.Industry isnt just about large-scale industry. Thats a misconception. The 2009-10 check into of the Ann ual Survey of Industries (ASI) covered the entire reckony sector. This shows an increase in the number of factories to 15,576 and 9. 8% of Indias factories are in Gujarat. At 13. 22%, the share is higher in net value added. In diminish order of importance, these factories are in segments like chemical and chemical products, rudimentary metals, machinery 10 < PREVIEW > Gujarat Governance for Growth and Development and equipment, non-metallic mineral products, textiles, food products and harmaceuticals. Together, they provided employment of 1. 2 million. Provisional figures show an increase in the number of factories to 25,206 in 2010, with an employment of 1. 3 million. 0. 13 million MSME enterprises in Gujarat were in 369 clusters, a pattern also exhibited in Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh, cluster being defined as a concentration in manufacture of the same product group. This suggests that the positive externalities of cluster formation have tended to work and in all probabili ty, many of these MSME enterprises perform an ancillary function.Also interestingly, at least for SSI, there has been a sharp increase in the number of registered units. Therefore, it is plausible to pretend that transaction costs associated with registration have declined, there are greater benefits associated with registration and the tax enforcement machinery has improved. At the lower end of the industrialization spectrum are cottage and rural industries. There are cluster development schemes for khadi, handlooms, handicrafts and scientific discipline upgradation and market development schemes.Other than schemes like Sagar Khedu Yojana, Vanbandu Kalyan Yojana, Garib Samruddhi Yojana and even Garib Kalyan Melas, something like charge Mangalam is also an attempt to integrate animal husbandry, agro processing, food processing, aquaculture, processing of wood products, handlooms, handicrafts, garments, bamboo and tincture products into markets, through Sakhi Mandals, self-help groups (SHGs) and other communities of the poor. Gujarat Livelihood Promotion Company Limited (GLPC) was set up in 2010 to implement Mission Mangalam.Part of this inclusion is a pecuniary inclusion agenda. Gujarat is known as a State with a tight manufacturing base and in constant prices, the primary sectors share in GSDP has declined from 19. 5% in 2004-05 to 14. 6% in 2010-11, a decline that was mentioned before. Agricultures share (this includes animal husbandry) has declined from 13. 2% in 2004-05 to 10. 9% in 2010-11. While the share has declined, the growth rate of Gujarats agriculture, especially s ince 2000, has been remarkable and has been commented upon.Gujarats agriculture has grown at more than 10%. In addition to water, electricity and roads, there have been other factors too. The Krushi Mahotsav programme was started in 2005 and is a month-long mass contact programme with farmers, including mobile Krushi Raths. Soil health cards are issued for every plot of land. The Gujarat Cooperatives Gujarat Governance for Growth and Development < PREVIEW > 11 and Water Users Participatory Irrigation Management Act was passed in 2007 and participatory irrigation management introduced.Through the Sardar Patel Participatory Water preservation Scheme, check dams are built with monetary contribution from beneficiaries, 20% in some cases and 10% in others. Animal health camps have been nonionised in several villages. The upshot has been agricultural diversification, higher productivity and growth. Of more recent vintage has been the Integrated Wadi and Agriculture Diversification learn (IWADP), started in 2009, though its pilot antecedents date to 2007. Interestingly, IWADP requires a participating entry free from BPL ST families who wish to participate. IWADP has two distinct strands.There is Project Sunshine strand for the dryland regions of north and central Gujarat, w here one tries to encourage crops like intercrossed maize, potato, mustard, pigeon pea and Bt cotton in districts like Sabarkantha, Banaskantha, P anchmahal, Dahod and Vadodara. And there are Jeevika projects for water-intensive areas in south Gujarat, where one tries to push vegetables like tomato, bitter gourd, store gourd, okra, pointed gourd, parwal and turmeric and fruits like mango, banana, cashew in districts like Narmada, Valsad, Tapi, Navsari, Surat and Dangs. STs and extremist violenceThe Planning Commission set up an Expert Group on development challenges in extremism affected areas and this submitted a report in 2008. The report mentions the development and governance deficits and deprivation problems among SCs/STs, issues of political marginalization, human rights violations, crimes and atrocities against SCs in rural India, lack of access to traditional resources among ST populations and inadequate grievance redressal through the judicial system. In the 2001 Census, 14. 8% of Gujarats population was ST. For districts, the figures were 8. 2% for Kac hch, 8. 2% for Banaskantha, 20. % for Sabarkantha, 27. 5% for Panchmahals, 72. 3% for Dohad, 26. 6% for Vadodara, 78. 1% for Narmada, 32. 4% for Bharuch, 28. 2% for Surat, 93. 8% for the Dangs, 48. 1% for Navsari and 54. 8% for Valsad. Gujarat is geographically contiguous with Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, both States affected by extremist violence and districts like Panchmahals, Dohad, Vadodara, Narmada, Surat, Dangs, Navsari and Valsad are border districts too. With geographical proximity, negative spillovers are natural. If those spillovers seaportt 12 < PREVIEW > Gujarat Governance for Growth and Development appened, thats presumably because those developmental intentions have occurred in Gujarat and havent in other States. In other words, d eprivation does not automatically cart track to Naxalite-type violence, since that deprivation can be addressed. The fact that Gujarat has been able to contain such extremist activity is an achievement that is no less remarkable than the growth miracle. What has Gujarat done that is different? The idea of tribal Area Sub-Plans (TSPs) has been around since 1974, with financial allocations being made in proportion to shares of STs in total population, with a similar provision for SCs.However, in many instances and many States, these are just notional allocations in different line departments, though such notes are not meant to be diverted. When they are more than notional, they are frittered across a variety of schemes. The first element in Gujarat was thus more efficient usage of TSP funds. The planning and budgetary powers were handed over to the Tribal Development Department. In parallel with TSPs, the idea of ITDPs (Integrated Tribal Development Projects) has also been around for quite some time, with Project Administrators given some bendable funds for innovative schemes.Since 1997, discretionary funds have been given to every ITDP district. These are spent on programmes that cater to local needs, plugging gaps in alert schemes. They are thus based on decentralized planning. Chmelodic phraseed by the Project Administrator, Taluka Adijati Vikas Samitis have been constituted in talukas and schemes are approved and implemented by District Adjijati Vikas Mandals. Not except has this made expenditure more realistic, delinked from templates designed from above, the decentralization has made the planning process more participatory and conveyed a sense of say-so.This culminated in the Vanabandhu Kalyan Yojana (VKY), launched in 2007, together with the eleventh Five course Plan. VKY has 10 components, all designed to mainstream ITDP blocks on the road to development born(p) resources that STs possess are primarily timbre-based. 5,000 of Gujarats 18,000 villages have large forest areas and following the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest) Rights Act of 2006, occasion Forest Management (JFM) Committees have already been formed in 3,274 villages.T his room that the forest areas are jointly managed by local communities, Gujarat Governance for Growth and Development < PREVIEW > 13 together with the Forest Department. In addition to developing, conserving and protecting forests, this has the implication that local populations have a share in the marketing of timber and non-timber forest produce (NTFP), especially the latter. The JFM villages have been separate into 252 clusters and micro-entrepreneurship among tribals encouraged, with direct marketing links established between v illage-level JFM committees and marketing centres.However, better livelihoods cannot be based on forest produce alone. That has to come through better productivity of land, facilitated by minor irrigation facilities, and diversification into commercial agriculture, animal husbandry and dairy. There are already demonstrated successes in mangoes, strawberries and cashew, sometimes through the Wadi programme. In addition, there has been dairy and ani mal husbandry, with the additional benefit that it has improved nutritional standards of tribal population and corrected diet deficiencies. The surroundFor the purlieu, a Kuznets curve is sometimes postulated. T his simply means that, as economic development occurs, the environment degrades. When economic development crosses a certain threshold, measured say by per capita income, greater attention is paid to the environment and indicators tend to improve. In other words, the relationship is in the form of an inverse-U. The trial-and-error evidence for this relationship is often debated. It seems to work better for water and air pollution, less well for other measures of environmental protection.Without getting into details of that debate, Gujarats per capita income is roughly equal to the all-India average. With compulsions of growth and urbanization, one would have expected the States environmental indicators to be worse than they are, and for the environment to be less of a prio rity. Even for interesting is what empirical studies tend to find on the links between deforestation and economic development. Crosscountry, the threshold there is something like 5000 US dollars and Gujarat is far short of that.In terms of the Kuznets curve, Gujarat is thus ahead of the curve. T he department of climate change was set up in 2009 and its priorities are the promotion of green technologies and funding research in this, the earning of more carbon credits, power saving, the 14 < PREVIEW > Gujarat Governance for Growth and Development preservation of groundwater, promotion of CNG networks, the increase of mangrove cover, the preparation of a multi-dimensional climate change policy, introducing curricula on climate change in educational institutes and man of public awareness.Consider this. despite the emphasis on industrialization, refineries and port-led development, there have been no major environmental disasters in Gujarat, along the coast, or elsewhere. Establ ished in 2010, the Society of Integrated coastal Management (SICOM) has implemented an Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) project in the Gulf of Kachchh, together with two other such projects in Odisha and West Bengal. There are several dimensions to protecting the environment water, air, waste, forests, wild-life and so on.Institutionally, the Forests and Environment Department has four penalize agencies the Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB), the Gujarat Ecology Commission (GEC), the Gujarat Institute of depart from Ecology (GIDE) and the Gujarat Environmental Management Institute (GEMI). GPCB has draft action plans for critically polluted areas like Ankleshwar, Vapi, Ahmedabad, Vatva, Bhavnagar and Junagadh. There has been an emphasis on cleaner outturn technologies in industries like dye and dye intermediates, chemicals and petrochemicals, p harmaceuticals, textiles, food and agro-based industries, fisheries and build and paper products.Defaulting industrial uni ts have been served closure notices. Common effluent treatment plants (CETPs), sewage treatment plants (STPs), Common Hazardous Waste intercession, Stabilization and tendency Facilities (TSDFs), Common Biomedical Waste Treatment, Stabilization and Disposal Facilities (CBMWTFs) and gross incinerators have been set up. 22 illegal waste dumping sites were identified and hazardous waste there shifted to TSDFs. The 2009 Industrial Policy includes environment management as part of infrastructure development and provides for these being developed on PPP basis in new industrial estates.Municipal townships and colonies also have sewage treatment plants. Municipal waste is treated and disposed of through common secured landfills and Gujarat Urban Development Company Limited creates the infrastructure for treatment, transportation and disposal. There are several Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects, with certified emission reduction (CER) norms. There are plans for controlling air p ollution in 7 cities and there is an ambient air quality monitoring programme for Gujarat Governance for Growth and Development < PREVIEW > 15 Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Surat, Vapi, Bharuch and Rajkot.One should mention the Nirmal Gujarat Mission too, launched in 2007, focusing on cleanliness, the environment and public health. This has several different components managing waste in industries, transportation and hospitals protecting water bodies, trees, green spaces and heritage buildings capacity-building creating public awareness and bringing about behavioural changes. This isnt only about urban Gujarat. For example, there are community-managed Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems (DEWATS), which also encourage local people in rural areas to build their own toilets, and there is also a campaign against open defecation.Given Gujarats growth, much more remarkable has been the increase in forest cover. Despite the extraction of timber, fuel-wood and bamboo, and commercial exp loitation of NTFP and pressures of development and urbanization, this increase in forest cover is not something one would have expected a priori. In addition to traditional forests, 25,000 hectares of mangrove forests have been added in coastal areas. These are carbon sinks and absorb an estimated 50 tons of carbon per hectare. The big picture is a simple one. With the emphasis on growth and industrialization, it would have been unprovoked for Gujarat to pay scant attention to the environment.Especially since the 11th Five Year Plan (2007-12), this isnt quite what has happened. There is increased attention to protecting the environment and sustainable development. If there is a trade-off between the two objectives, and that suggestion can be contested, Gujarat hasnt accepted the trade-off. In conclusion Is there a Gujarat story? Clearly, there is. Thats reflected in high GSDP growth since 2002 and is also reflected in poverty declines, with no significant increase in inequality, d ata constraints notwithstanding.Is this reflected in human development outcomes improving, especially i n backward geographical regions and backward segments of the population? The evidence suggests that there have been improvements, especially after the conscious focus on such regions and segments since the Eleventh Plan (2007-12). Therefore, if Gujarat is being criticized on inequitable development, the time-line of data points is important. Pre-2007 data are not pertinent and one must also remember that 16 < PREVIEW > Gujarat Governance for Growth and Development social sector outcomes often improve with a time-lag.At best, one can complain that these improvements are not yet reflected in northern and central Gujarat. If one accepts this Gujarat story, one can move on to the next question. What is the Gujarat model and what has happened? It is one of freeing up space for private initiative and enterprise and the creation of an enabling environment by the State. It is one of d ecentralization o f planning and empowering people. It is about targeted public expenditure through specific schemes, supplementing CSS-s with Statespecific schemes. It is one of bureaucratic empowerment and improving the efficiency of public expenditure.It is one of feedback loops from the government machinery to people and from people to the government machinery. It is one of delivering public goods (water, roads, electricity, schools, education). Stated thus, this is a standard development template that any State ought to adopt and implement. The difference is that not too many States have implemented the template. It is always difficult to disentangle the non-homogeneous factors that go into ensuring the successful implementation of the Gujarat model. First, there is a legacy factor and earlier Gujarat governments, prior to 2002, have left positive impact.Second, Gujarat has had a healthful tradition of private entrepreneurship and an equally healthy skepticism of government. Third, in sectors like water and roads, Gujarat has also benefited from favourable exogenous circumstances, as it has from negative push factors in other States, automobiles and auto ancillaries being an obvious instance. Fourth, the present political leadership has also had a role in empowering the bureaucracy, clamping down on corruption, decentralizing planning and delivery and focused intervention for backward regions and segments.While disentangling is difficult, it would be uncharitable and unfair to deny this fourth element. The pride in asmita begins from the top. And if that is disseminated and successfully trickles down, quite a bit has been achieved. * Gujarat Governance for Growth and Development, Bibek Debroy, September 2012. Published by Academic Foundation, New Delhi hardcover, pages 166, all colour includes maps and photographs ISBN 13 9788171889815 Rs 795 US $39. 95. www. academicfoundation. com